中国梦之声

A |     During the two-day visit, the American head of state will meet with Israel's top officials. These will include the new prime minister, Yair Lapid, alternate PM Naftali Bennett, as well as opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu. He is also set to visit an Iron Dome missile defense base, a system developed jointly by the US and Israel.,The main focus of the US president’s upcoming trip will be a stop in Saudi Arabia, Danny Ayalon, Israel's former ambassador to the US, believes,"In the upcoming trip, the focus will be on Jeddah. Of course, the Saudis will not normalize relations with Israel but cooperation will be on the table.",Riyadh has repeatedly said that a normalization pact with Israel is not possible unless the Palestinian issue is resolved. Israel, which has just entered a transitional period ahead of the November midterm elections is not in a position to offer concessions, apart from symbolic gestures such as granting more work permits to Gazans or allowing crowds to pray at the Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.,But what Israel can offer to the Saudis, Ayalon says, is a solution to an issue that has been bothering them for years – control over the Tiran and Sanafir Islands in the Red Sea.,The two islands were under Saudi jurisdiction until 1950, when Riyadh transferred them to Egypt. Israel captured them during the Six Day War, but later returned them to Cairo as part of the 1979 bilateral peace treaty.,Egypt has been in control of the islands since then, but in 2016 President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi promised to give them back to the Saudis. However, for that to happen, he needs the consent of the Israelis, due to the terms of the 1979 agreement.,Back then, Israeli consent was not given. Now, however, it seems to be on the table, Ayalon says. He stresses that Israel may use the issue as a bargaining chip in talks on the opening of Saudi airspace for Israeli planes or on defense cooperation. The latter is crucial for Riyadh, he says, especially in light of the threat emanating from Yemen's Houthi rebels, linked to Iran.,"Of course, the Saudis will continue with their lip service to the Palestinians, but cooperation will be taking place under the radar. However, the scope of that cooperation will not be big", the former diplomat says. "There is a generation gap between the Saudi king and his son, Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman, and unless there is a shift, nothing will move towards the formalization of ties," he added.,Palestinian Issue,Before Biden came to power, he vowed to support the two-state solution, resume funding for the Palestinians that was halted under his predecessor, and open the American Consulate in East Jerusalem to counter balance their embassy in the western part of the disputed city.,More than a year after his inauguration, many of the issues he had promised to resolve are still up in the air.,The US Consulate hasn't been opened in East Jerusalem yet, and doubts run high as to whether it ever will. The Palestinian Liberation Organization's office in Washington that was shut under President Donald Trump is still closed. Funds that were given to the Palestinians in the past have not been fully restored.,The Palestinians have repeatedly stressed their dissatisfaction with the lack of progress on their front, and Ayalon says the arrival of Biden is aimed at calming the mood.,"There won't be any breakthrough on the Palestinian front. But Biden does want to take some credit for the economic assistance to the Palestinians, and he does want to bolster the security cooperation between Israel and the PA, sending a message to Hamas.",Iran Nuclear Deal,Although last week another round of talks between the US and Iran ended in a stalemate, Washington is still interested in pursuing that path.,If a deal is reached, the US would remove many of its sanctions from the Islamic Republic in exchange for the ability to supervise Tehran's nuclear program.,The deal taking shape is disturbing officials in Jerusalem and Riyadh, who claim that a nuclear Iran might threaten their security, allegations Tehran has repeatedly denied. Ayalon says Biden's visit will try to mitigate the damage. He will also try to "get the support of Israel for the deal". But the Jewish state is unlikely to be convinced, even under the leadership of the more liberal Yair Lapid.,Israel’s Prime Minister Claims Iran ‘Dangerously Close’ to Obtaining Nuclear Weapons12 June, 00:10 GMT,The Israeli PM is heading to Paris on Tuesday, where he will meet President Emmanuel Macron to discuss the deal with Iran and attempts by the Islamic Republic to remove its Revolutionary Guards from the list of terror organizations.,In September, he is also planning a trip to New York, where he will address the United Nations General Assembly and raise the issue of Iran once again.,"Lapid is likely to tell Biden that Israel is not bound by this agreement, if it does happen. Israel will emphasize that it will have a free hand when it comes to Iran, and that also means that it can adhere to plan B," Ayalon said, referring to a military option.,Russia's Operation in Ukraine,However, Biden is not only going to Israel for the sake of regional issues, the former diplomat claims. His visit to Israel and Saudi Arabiacomes amid raging hostilities in Ukraine, and the US head of state will try to convince the two Middle Eastern nations to stand by the side of Washington, he adds.,Although Saudi Arabia cracked under the American pressure to pump more oil, prices on crude continue to climb, shaking the economies of the US and Europe.,Israel, on its part, has also taken a lukewarm approach vis-a-vis Ukraine. Although it has publicly denounced Russian actions, absorbed thousands of Ukrainian refugees, and provided thousands more with medical and humanitarian assistance, it has not joined sanctions against Russia. And Ayalon says his country is not planning to change its course.,"President Vladimir Putin has been friendly with Israel for all these years. Plus, we have a big Russian population in this country. So I doubt Israel will join the Western sanctions against Moscow. It is simply not in our interests," he concluded.。

B |     金泽古镇，地处吴根越角，是今天长三角一体化示范区的核心区域。

C | 在古代，金泽更是江河通衢的要冲。如果回到春秋时期的吴国，从中原到吴地，扯起风帆可以通舟楫。

D | “周遭圩岸缭金城，一眼圩田翠不分”，南宋文学家杨万里的一首《圩田诗》，只用了短短两句，就生动刻画出江南圩田的苍翠和城郭的繁华。南船北马途经金泽，单单颐浩寺那5048间禅房就足以吸引往来的行人。

E | 就连赵孟頫、管道昇这样的名家也不能免俗，每每路过金泽总要盘桓数日，寻高僧论道，访金谷芳园，暑日凉亭小酌，雪夜围炉烹茶。数年来，我在这片土地上进行田野调研，每次出田野，就如置身古意盎然的江南画卷，民居、街市、祠庙、佛塔、石桥、驳岸……悉心梳理这些历史遗构，总会收获意外的惊喜。“四落戗”的意外发现我在做金泽口述史的过程中，经常听到被访村民讲到以前居住的房屋“四落戗”，这引起了我的注意，于是我决定带着工作团队逐一排查金泽区域内的自然村落，系统梳理。果然，村西岑城隍庙附近和三塘村、塘联等处多个村落找到了古老的民居建筑“四落戗”。所谓“四落戗”，其实是早在殷商时期就出现的“庑殿顶”建筑，常见于皇宫和重要宗教祭祀建筑，五脊四坡造型，屋檐宽深，气势雄伟，象征着皇权和神权，庑殿顶的造型在殷商甲骨文、铜器、画像石中有丰富的记录。另外还有一种说法，庑殿即吴殿，也称吴宫，是春秋吴王的宫殿。唐朝典籍《营缮令》早就明确了土木营造和修缮的制度规范，从王公到七品官员以下都有明确的规制，不可逾矩，而最高等级规格的建筑就是“庑殿顶”宫殿建筑。

F | 所谓“宫殿皆四阿”，“阿”是建筑屋顶的曲檐，“四阿”就是四面域式的曲檐屋顶。

G | 庑殿顶有五条脊、四面坡，所以又叫“四阿殿顶”，到了宋代时又称为“五脊殿”，《营造法原》里称四合舍。金泽民居“四落戗”金泽民居“四落戗”金泽民居“四落戗”与吴歌、吴服、汉方药东传日本一样，同属吴文化圈的日本，建筑思想和营造业深受中国文化的影响。“四阿顶”这一建筑样式就被日本广泛采用于寺庙建筑，东大寺大佛殿、正仓院都是“四阿顶”。此外，还广泛应用于民居和亭台楼阁等小体量建筑，建筑的造景功能和观赏性显得更为突出，充分体现了民间社会对“四阿”的喜爱和崇敬。江南营造的蓬勃兴起，与中国古典建筑思想的滋养和学术支撑有着紧密关系。即将开幕的江南营造·金泽文献展上展出了两册《营造法原》，其中一册是1980年陈从周先生赠送给我的，当时我与同济电化教研室周建平老师一起拍摄江南园林，跟随陈从周老先生去了苏州沧浪亭、同里退思园和海盐绮园等江南名园。“野草荒吴殿，浮图出梵天”，“吴殿金钗梁院鼓，杨花燕子共悠悠”，从明代的张居正到清朝的余怀，都曾在诗中展现吴殿的意韵，而这样一种诗情画意，居然能跨越3000多年的历史长河在现实世界里与我们相遇，足以证明吴地金泽历史的悠久绵长。江南民居的文化信息如果要讲一讲江南古镇的建筑经典，金泽是一个绝佳的现场教学点。沿着古镇的石板路，走过宋元明清28座桥，河岸水埠头，一步三回头，从古镇到周边的自然村落，行街串户，就是一场江南民居的博览之旅，可以探究金泽民居的平面形制与木构体系，了解悬山、硬山、歇山各种屋面与披屋的形态，还有木作、瓦作、石作、脊饰中传递出来的江南民居的文化信息。在以前青浦国民学校，《国文》读本里是有建筑营造常识的，“巷中有屋，四面短墙，向南开门，客堂在前，书斋在旁，卧室在后”；“先生曰：欲作工，须用工具，樵夫用刀，农夫用锄、犁，木工用斧锯……”。这些建筑营造的基本知识，每个小朋友都能背诵，长大以后，也个个都能参与造房子。1980年代，我在拍《江南古镇》的时候，青浦农村还是大家庭居多，厨房灶间流行大灶，五星大灶很常见，有的甚至“七星”。灶台上饭锅、炒菜锅、煮水锅，扇形铺开，三个大火头，四个小火头。大火用于炒菜、焖饭、蒸馒头，小火用于慢炖、温水或是发面，一把柴禾塞进炉膛，三下两下一顿饭就做好了。40年过去，如今农民基本上住进楼房，住宅宽敞，但有意思的是灶头却越砌越小，年轻人进城务工，留守老人大多用的都是两眼灶，一个烧饭、一个炒菜，老夫妻俩够用了，想省事还可用煤气灶。农桑渔牧及手工业的高速发展，到明代，江南经济日渐隆盛。

H | 明清以来，江南古镇只要遇上好的年景，就一定大兴土木，长江三角洲地区逐步形成星罗棋布的古镇群落，大量建筑营造厂应运而生。像金泽这样曾经的江南巨镇，如何以一石一木一砖一瓦层层叠叠兴建起来？营造业又是如何组织运作的？答案往往藏在那些虫蛀鼠咬的老旧账本里。翻老账，寻找最原始的记录，是我田野调查工作最重要的一环。这次文献展陈列了一批营造厂商业账本、票据、钱庄汇票、营造厂文书、信札、建材人工记录、报价单、日记、税费单、田宅租赁册等等，涉及建筑营造的方方面面。内容是庞杂的，信息是完整和丰沛的，其中一本《租册》反映了民国三十年（1941年）至抗战胜利期间，金泽镇周边五公里范围内的田地、房屋租赁情况，共涉及分布24个村庄地名的50余个有名有姓的租户。其中，“老姚簖”“泥潭头”“龚家庄”等13处村庄地名保留至今，另外11处暂时没有对上，有待田野漫步完善相关地名变迁信息。

I | 曾经，古镇金泽还有园林假山，就在相国府后花园（颐浩寺遗址），假山历经600年沧桑，顶上还有 “五老峰”，据说可与留园中的冠云峰媲美。金泽假山荒废湮灭后，于上世纪80年代被挪至上海闸北公园，至今立在闸北公园湖中小岛上。不知道何时能把“五老”请回家。栏目主编：陈抒怡 文字编辑：陈抒怡 来源：作者：尔冬强。

J |